Tak Punya

Aku tak punya kecantikan seperti mereka,
Aku tak punya kekayaan seperti mereka,
Aku tak punya kepintaran seperti meraka,
Aku hanya punya 
Cinta.....
Kasih....
Dan
Sayang.....
Tulus untuk kamu yang mereka TAK PUNYA


by :mimi

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SPOOF TEXT

DEFINISI SPOOF TEXT

Disebutkan dalam Cambridge Advance Learner's Dictionary Online, ada dua makna spoof. Pertama, sebagai kata benda, spoof bermakna, "a funny and silly piece of writing, music, theatre, etc. that copies the style of an original work". Sedang kedua, spoof sebagai kata kerja, bermakna, "to try to make someone believe in something that is not true, as a joke."

Dari kedua arti spoof di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengertian spoof text adalah sebuah teks yang berisi tentang humor meski sebagian teksnya sudah dimodifikasi dari aslinya.

GENERIC STRUCTURE OF SPOOF TEXT

Generic Structure (Susunan umum) dalam spoof text adalah :

1. Orientation, berisi pengenalan tokoh, latar, setting dll.
2. Events, berisi peristiwa atau kejadian
3. Twist, ending cerita (akhir cerita yang dianggap lucu, kadang tidak terduga)

Penjelasan mengenai orientation dan event sudah sering dibahas, khususnya pada pelajaran narrative text dan recount text. Dalam spoof text pun, orientation dan event tidak jauh berbeda dengan yang ada dalam narrative dan recount.
Sedang untuk twist, bagi seorang yang belum terbiasa menulis cerita lucu mungkin sangat sulit; untuk memahami twist saja sudah sulit, apalagi mengarang sendiri...

Ya, untuk memahami twist, kita membutuhkan selera humor tinggi hingga kita mampu mencerna apa dibalik kelucuan yang terkandung dalam twist ini. Sebab biasanya sangat sulit memperkirakan, "apa sih bagian lucunya?"

CONTOH SPOOF TEXT : ABSENCE

Joe's Mother got angry because her son got a low mark on English test.

"Why did you get such a low mark on that test?" Asked mother angrily. Asked by his angry mother, Joe just kept silent and went out.

A few moment, Joe came back home and met his mother again. His mother asked the same question.

Joe answered steadily, "Because of absence."

"You mean you were absent on the day of the test?" Mother wondered.

Joe replied, "No, but the kid who sits next to me was."

CONTOH SPOOF TEXT : SAM TING WONG

Jacky Wong got married with Lia Wong. Both of them had a white skin and straight hair. They are really a well-matched couple.

One year later, Wong family got a new baby. A nurse brought them a son with curly hair and a black skin.

The nurse congratulated and said, "What name will you give to this son?"

With a confused face, Jacky Wong grumbled, "Sam Ting Wong!

http://www.englishindo.com/2012/04/spoof-text-penjelasan-contoh.html

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Hortatory exposition

Disebutkan dalam Concise Oxford Dictionary, Hortatory termasuk kata sifat (adjective) bermakna "tending or aiming to exhort" ("cenderung atau bertujuan mendorong / mendesak orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu"). Sedangkan Exposition  bermakna "a comprehensive description and explanation of a theory" ("Penjelasan dan penjabaran sebuah teori secara komprehensif").

Jadi secara bahasa, jika disimpulkan, hortatory exposition adalah teks yang menjelaskan sebuah teori/masalah secara komprehensif dengan tujuan mendorong orang lain melakukan / tidak melakukan sesuatu.

GENERIC STRUCTURE OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Generic Structure, atau susunan umum hortatory exposition adalah sebagai berikut :

1.  Thesis / General Statement

Thesis / general statement berisi pernyataan pembuka mengenai topik pembahasan. Sebagai contoh kita akan membahas mengenai bahaya rokok, thesis statement yang bisa kita gunakan misalnya :

“Rokok dapat menyebabkan kanker, serangan jantung, dan impotensi”.

2.  Arguments

Arguments, ”Pendapat” berisi berbagai pembahasan lanjutan dari thesis statement secara detail. Akan lebih baik jika argument ini tidak hanya berisi pendapat pribadi penulis saja tapi juga bisa berisi pendapat para pakar. Mengacu pada contoh thesis statement tentang rokok di atas, kita bisa membuat arguments pendukung dengan lebih detail, misalnya :

Argument 1 : Saya mengira serangan jantung yang dialami direktur PT. LaptopButut, Pak “XXX”, disebabkan karena intensitas merokok lebih banyak dari pada minum air putih.(Terus kembangkan paragraf ini lebih dalam)

Argument 2 : Telah banyak dibuktikan bahwa rokok hampir menjadi sebab utama penyakit kanker. (Terus kembangkan paragraf ini)

Argument 3 : Impotensi seorang bos “XXX” di kota “XXX” disebutkan karena kebiasaanya merokok sebelum tidur. (terus kembangkan lagi paragraf ini)

3.  Recommendation.

Recommendation / suggestion berisi saran penulis tentang topik pembahasan. Jika membahas tentang bahaya rokok, sobat pasti tahu dong apa yang harus disarankan?

CONTOH HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Contoh hortatory expostion ini diambil dari buku bahasa Inggris Interlanguage yang membahas tentang "Masyarakat Indonesia harus menghargai perbedaan budaya demi Kesatuan Bangsa." Mari kita simak...

Indonesian People Should Value All the Different Culture to Promote Unity of the Nation

Indonesia is a culturally-diverse country. Many different religions and cultures from many provinces are now seen living side by side in many places. One of the biggest questions facing Indonesian today is how to deal with a culturally diverse citizenry and then promote unity.
 
Therefore, Indonesians should appreciate differences among culture for the following reasons. Firstly, Indonesia is vulnerable to separation for its archipelago and culture diversity. Raising tolerance among people is the best way to maintain the unity among differences. Many ways or cultures of living are equally legal, even if they are not regarded as normal by some people. If a society claims to be tolerant of personal choice, then it must respect the personal choice to retain their heritage. Then, unity of the nation can be preserved.


Secondly, Indonesians must recognize that every culture has different customs and beliefs. Thus, people are forbidden to make judgments of comparative value, for it is measuring something unmeasured. A plurality of nations, especially in the modern era, can allow for cultural development and cultural exchange that benefits both parties. The cross-cultural understanding among cultures makes the world a better place and preserves the unity of the nation.


Lastly, raising nationalism is one way to preserve unity of the nation. It is a sense of fellow feeling between group members. This promotes cooperation and social cohesion within the group. The sense of social cooperation makes welfare, social security and medical programs much more likely and stronger.


Cultural differences are sometime a sensitive matter for people. Indonesian people must teach younger generation about the importance of the cultural identity and nationalism to promote unity of the nation.

http://www.englishindo.com/2012/03/hortatory-exposition-penjelasan-contoh.html 

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Narrative Text

Disebutkan bahwa A narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people (teks narasi adalah cerita imaginatif yang bertujuan menghibur orang). 

Jika melihat pada kamus bahasa Inggris, secara harfiah narrative bermakna (1) a spoken or written account of connected events; a story. (2) the narrated part of a literary work, as distinct from dialogue. (3) the practice or art of narration. 

(Narrative bermakna : 1. sebuah cerita baik terucap atau tertulis tentang peristiwa-peristiwa yang berhubungan. 2. bagian yang diceritakan dalam sebuah karya sastra, berbeda dengan dialog. 3. Praktik atau seni bercerita)

Jika disimpulkan, maka sebuah narrative text adalah teks yang berisi sebuah cerita baik tertulis ataupun tidak tertulis dan terdapat rangkaian peristiwa yang saling terhubung.

Generic Structure dari Narrative Text

Bagi sobat yang masih duduk di bangku sekolah tingkat menengah, penjelasan mengenai narrative texts tak usah sulit-sulit ya.. Intinya, narrative text ini mempunyai struktur / susunan seperti di bawah ini : 

• Orientation : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are introduced.(berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana) 

• Complication : Where the problems in the story developed. (Permasalahan muncul / mulai terjadi dan berkembang)

• Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved. Masalah selesai, --- secara baik "happy ending" ataupun buruk "bad ending".

Kadangkala susunan (generic structure) narrative text bisa berisi: Orientation, Complication, Evaluation, Resolution dan Reorientation. Meski “Evaluation” dan “Reorientation” merupakan optional; bisa ditambahkan dan bisa tidak. Evaluation berisi penilaian/evaluasi terhadap jalannya cerita atau konflik. Sedangkan Reorientation berisi penyimpulan isi akhir cerita.

Jika sudah mahir membuat cerita narrative, susunannya bisa diubah-ubah kok, yang terpenting bagian-bagian di atas masih tetap ada dalam tulisan narrative sobat. 

Grammar Used dalam Narrative Text

Grammar (tata bahasa) yang sering muncul dalam membuat narrative text adalah:

Menggunakan tenses "Past", baik simple, past perfect, past continuous, past perfect continuous, atau bisa saja past future continuous. (aturan ini bukan aturan wajib yang mutlak harus dipenuhi kok. Tidak percaya, tanyakan pada guru bahasa Inggris sobat)

Untuk lebih jelasnya, lihat contohnya di bawah ini :

Contoh Narrative Text (1)

Sincere Will Get a Great Return

Once upon a time, there was a kingdom named Auretto, all people lived peacefully there. One of them was Charlita, the king’s daughter who was assumed as the most beautiful and kindest Princess of Auretto.
 

One day, Charlita looked blue. Because of that her father got confused. “What’s the matter my beautiful daughter? Why are you so sad?” asked King Fernando. Charlita was just silent. She did not say anything.
 

Then, King Fernando decided to make a competition to cheer Charlita again. After that, the palace representative announce: “I will make a competition. The aim is to make my daughter, Princess Charlita to be happy and laugh again. Everyone who can do it, will get a prize. It will be held tomorrow when the sun rises. Sign: King Fernando.”
 

The following morning, everybody came to the palace, tried to give their best performance. They seemed happy and laugh, but not for Princess Charlita. She was just silent and still looked sad.
 

King Fernando started to give up. No one amused his daughter. Then, there came a young handsome man. “Excuse me King Fernando. I would like to join your competition. But, would you mind if I took Princess Charlita for a walk?” said the young man gently. “As long as you make my daughter be happy again, it will totally alright.” said King Fernando. The young handsome man took Princess Charlita for a walk in a beautiful blue lake with a green forest around it. Princess Charlita smiled and looked happy after that. Every body looked happy, too. “I know why are you so my beautiful daughter. Now, I promise I will environment green. I regret for always destroying it. Finally, the environment around the kingdom became so beautiful and green, full of plants. Then, the young handsome man got a prize from the king. “I will marry you off my daughter.” said him. “That is the prize I promise for you. Thanks for keeping our environment well. Thanks for making my daughter happy again.”

Contoh Narrative Text (2)

The Legend of Rawa Pening

 

Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village. He was very hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared about him. Nobody wanted to help the little boy.

Finally, a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a “lesung”, a big wooden mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him, “please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung” as a boat”. The “lesung” was happy and thanked the old woman.The little boy continued his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out that stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out the stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded.

Suddenly, from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.

Penjelasan Narrative Text (untuk tingkat Mahir)

 

Untuk mengetahui definisi dan penjelasan tentang narration (narrative text) sobat mahasiswa dan mahasiswi bisa membaca buku buku tentang writing di perpustakaan terdekat dan terlengkap, dan disini saya hanya akan mengutipkan pendapat Thomas S. Kane (2000: 363-364) di bawah ini:

A narrative is a meaningful sequence of events told in words. It is sequential in that the events are ordered, not merely random. Sequence always involves an arrangement in time (and usually other arrangements as well). A straightforward movement from the first event to the last constitutes the simplest chronology. However, chronology is sometimes complicated by presenting the events in another order: for example, a story may open with the final episode and then flash back to all that preceded it.

A narrative has meaning in that it conveys an evaluation of some kind. The writer reacts to the story he or she tells, and states or implies that reaction. This is the "meaning," sometimes called the "theme," of a story. Meaning must always be rendered. The writer has to do more than tell us the truth he sees in the story; he must manifest that truth in the characters and the action.

Characters and action are the essential elements of any story. Also important, but not as essential, is the setting, the place where the action occurs. Characters are usually people—sometimes actual people, as in history books or newspaper stories, sometimes imaginary ones, as in novels. Occasionally characters are animals (as in an Aesop fable), and sometimes a dominant feature of the environment functions almost like a character (the sea, an old house).

The action is what the characters say and do and anything that happens to them, even if it arises from a nonhuman source—a storm, for instance, or a fire. Action is often presented in the form of a plot. Action is, so to speak, the raw material; plot, the finished product, the fitting together of the bits and pieces of action into a coherent pattern. Usually, though not invariably, plot takes the form of a cause-and effect chain: event A produces event B; B leads to C; C to D; and so on until the final episode, X. In a well-constructed plot of this kind we can work back from X to A and see the connections that made the end of the story likely and perhaps inevitable.

Stories can be very long and complicated, with many characters, elaborate plots, and subtle interpenetration of character, action, and setting. In writing that is primarily expository, however, narratives are shorter and simpler. Most often they are factual rather than imaginary, as when an historian describes an event. And often in exposition an illustration may involve a simple narrative. Being able to tell a story, then, while not the primary concern of the expository writer, is a skill which he or she will now and again be called upon to use.

Referensi :

Kane, Thomas. S. 2000.The Oxford Essential Guide to Writing. New York: Barkley Books

 

http://www.englishindo.com/2012/01/narrative-text-penjelasan-contoh.html

 

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Heartbroken and Confused

My heart feels like it's torn in two,

Why can't I just be with you?

Everyday another tear,
Everyday a lot more fear.

I want to hold you in my arms,
I want to keep you safe from harm.

I act like things are all okay,
But I really want to run away.

I act like things are all alright,
But always end up in a fight.

I cry more tears than I can count;
Why won't they just let me out?

I tell myself these things won't stay,
But I don't think they'll go away.

 

http://www.englishindo.com/2012/03/puisi-galau-heartbroken-confused.html#bahasa inggris

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Timun Emas

Indonesia, lived a couple of farmer.  They had married for some years but they had no children.  So they prayed to a monster called Buta Ijo to give them children.  Buta Ijo was a ferocious and powerful monster.  He granted their wish on one condition.  When their children had grown up, they had to sacrifice them to Buta Ijo.  He liked eating fresh meat of human being.  The farmers agreed to his condition.  Several months later the wife was pregnant.

She gave birth to a beautiful baby girl.  They named her Timun Emas.  The farmers were happy.  Timun Emas was very healthy and a very smart girl.  She was also very diligent. When she was a teenager Buta Ijo came to their house.  Timun Emas was frightened so she ran away to hide.  The farmers then told Buta Ijo that Timun Emas was still a child.  They asked him to postpone.  Buta Ijo agreed.  He promised to come again.  The following year Buta Ijo came again.  But again and again their parents said that Timun Emas was still a child. 

When the third time Buta Ijo came their parents had prepared something for him.  They gave Timun Emas several bamboo needles, seeds of cucumber, dressing and salt. 

‘Timun, take these things’

‘What are these things?’

‘These are your weapons.  Buta Ijo will chase you.  He will eat you alive.  So run as fast as you can.  And if he will catch you spread this to the ground.  Now go!’

Timun Emas was scared so she ran as quickly as she could.  When Buta Ijo arrived she was far from home.  He was very angry when he realized that his prey had left.  So he ran to chase her.  He had a sharp nose so he knew what direction his prey ran. 

Timun Emas was just a girl while Buta Ijo was a monster so he could easily catch her up.  When he was just several steps behind Timun Emas quickly spread the seeds of cucumber.  In seconds they turned into many vines of cucumber.  The exhausted Buta Ijo was very thirsty so he grabbed and ate them.  When Buta Ijo was busy eating cucumber Timun Emas could run away.

But soon Buta Ijo realized and started running again.  When he was just several steps behind Timun Emas threw her bamboo needles.   Soon they turned into dense bamboo trees. Buta Ijo found it hard to pass.  It took him some time to break the dense bamboo forest.  Meanwhile Timun Emas could run farther.

Buta Ijo chased her again.  When he almost catch her again and again Timun Emas threw her dressing.  This time it turned into a lake.  Buta Ijo was busy to save himself so Timun Emas ran way.  But Buta Ijo could overcome it and continued chasing her.

Finally when Timun Emas was almost caught she threw her salt.  Soon the land where Buta Ijo stood turned into ocean.  Buta Ijo was drowned and died instantly. 

Timun Emas was thankful to god and came back to her home.

 

http://www.englishindo.com/2011/09/timun-emas.html

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Snow White dan the Seven Dwarfs

Once upon a time in a great castle, a Prince's daughter grew up happy and contented, in spite of a jealous stepmother. She was very pretty, with blue eyes and long black hair. Her skin was delicate and fair, and so she was called Snow White. Everyone was quite sure she would become very beautiful. Though her stepmother was a wicked woman, she too was very beautiful, and the magic mirror told her this every day, whenever she asked it.

"Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the loveliest lady in the land?" The reply was always; "You are, your Majesty," until the dreadful day when she heard it say, "Snow White is the loveliest in the land." The stepmother was furious and, wild with jealousy, began plotting to get rid of her rival. Calling one of her trusty servants, she bribed him with a rich reward to take Snow White into the forest, far away from the Castle. Then, unseen, he was to put her to death. The greedy servant, attracted to the reward, agreed to do this deed, and he led the innocent little girl away. However, when they came to the fatal spot, the man's courage failed him and, leaving Snow White sitting beside a tree, he mumbled an excuse and ran off. Snow White was all alone in the forest.

Night came, but the servant did not return. Snow White, alone in the dark forest, began to cry bitterly. She thought she could feel terrible eyes spying on her, and she heard strange sounds and rustlings that made her heart thump. At last, overcome by tiredness, she fell asleep curled under a tree.

Snow White slept fitfully, wakening from time to time with a start and staring into the darkness round her. Several times, she thought she felt something, or somebody touch her as she slept.

At last, dawn woke the forest to the song of the birds, and Snow White too, awoke. A whole world was stirring to life and the little girl was glad to see how silly her fears had been. However, the thick trees were like a wall round her, and as she tried to find out where she was, she came upon a path. She walked along it, hopefully. On she walked till she came to a clearing. There stood a strange cottage, with a tiny door, tiny windows and a tiny chimney pot. Everything about the cottage was much tinier than it ought to be. Snow White pushed the door open.

"l wonder who lives here?" she said to herself, peeping round the kitchen. "What tiny plates! And spoons! There must be seven of them, the table's laid for seven people." Upstairs was a bedroom with seven neat little beds. Going back to the kitchen, Snow White had an idea.

"I'll make them something to eat. When they come home, they'll be glad to find a meal ready." Towards dusk, seven tiny men marched homewards singing. But when they opened the door, to their surprise they found a bowl of hot steaming soup on the table, and the whole house spick and span. Upstairs was Snow White, fast asleep on one of the beds. The chief dwarf prodded her gently.

"Who are you?" he asked. Snow White told them her sad story, and tears sprang to the dwarfs' eyes. Then one of them said, as he noisily blew his nose:

"Stay here with us!"

"Hooray! Hooray!" they cheered, dancing joyfully round the little girl. The dwarfs said to Snow White:

"You can live here and tend to the house while we're down the mine. Don't worry about your stepmother leaving you in the forest. We love you and we'll take care of you!" Snow White gratefully accepted their hospitality, and next morning the dwarfs set off for work. But they warned Snow White not to open the door to strangers.

Meanwhile, the servant had returned to the castle, with the heart of a roe deer. He gave it to the cruel stepmother, telling her it belonged to Snow White, so that he could claim the reward. Highly pleased, the stepmother turned again to the magic mirror. But her hopes were dashed, for the mirror replied: "The loveliest in the land is still Snow White, who lives in the seven dwarfs' cottage, down in the forest." The stepmother was beside herself with rage.

"She must die! She must die!" she screamed. Disguising herself as an old peasant woman, she put a poisoned apple with the others in her basket. Then, taking the quickest way into the forest, she crossed the swamp at the edge of the trees. She reached the bank unseen, just as Snow White stood waving goodbye to the seven dwarfs on their way to the mine.

Snow White was in the kitchen when she heard the sound at the door: KNOCK! KNOCK!

"Who's there?" she called suspiciously, remembering the dwarfs advice.

"I'm an old peasant woman selling apples," came the reply.

"I don't need any apples, thank you," she replied.

"But they are beautiful apples and ever so juicy!" said the velvety voice from outside the door.

"I'm not supposed to open the door to anyone," said the little girl, who was reluctant to disobey her friends.

"And quite right too! Good girl! If you promised not to open up to strangers, then of course you can't buy. You are a good girl indeed!" Then the old woman went on.

"And as a reward for being good, I'm going to make you a gift of one of my apples!" Without a further thought, Snow White opened the door just a tiny crack, to take the apple.

"There! Now isn't that a nice apple?" Snow White bit into the fruit, and as she did, fell to the ground in a faint: the effect of the terrible poison left her lifeless instantaneously.

Now chuckling evilly, the wicked stepmother hurried off. But as she ran back across the swamp, she tripped and fell into the quicksand. No one heard her cries for help, and she disappeared without a trace.

Meanwhile, the dwarfs came out of the mine to find the sky had grown dark and stormy. Loud thunder echoed through the valleys and streaks of lightning ripped the sky. Worried about Snow White they ran as quickly as they could down the mountain to the cottage.

There they found Snow White, lying still and lifeless, the poisoned apple by her side. They did their best to bring her around, but it was no use.

They wept and wept for a long time. Then they laid her on a bed of rose petals, carried her into the forest and put her in a crystal coffin.

Each day they laid a flower there.

Then one evening, they discovered a strange young man admiring Snow White's lovely face through the glass. After listening to the story, the Prince (for he was a prince!) made a suggestion.

"If you allow me to take her to the Castle, I'll call in famous doctors to waken her from this peculiar sleep. She's so lovely I'd love to kiss her!" He did, and as though by magic, the Prince's kiss broke the spell. To everyone's astonishment, Snow White opened her eyes. She had amazingly come back to life! Now in love, the Prince asked Snow White to marry him, and the dwarfs reluctantly had to say good bye to Snow White.

From that day on, Snow White lived happily in a great castle. But from time to time, she was drawn back to visit the little cottage down in the forest.

http://www.englishindo.com/2011/11/dongeng-bahasa-inggris-snow-white-and.html

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A Gold Snail

Once upon a time, there was a couple living in a palace. They were Prince Raden Putra and Dewi Limaran. Prince Raden Putra's father was the king of the kingdom.

One day, Dewi Limaran was walking around in the palace garden. Suddenly she saw a snail. It was ugly and disgusting.

"Yuck!" said Dewi Limaran and then she threw it away into a river.

She did not know that the snail was actually an old and powerful witch. She could transform herself into anything. The witch was angry to Dewi Limaran. The witch put a spell on her and changed her into a golden snail. The witch then threw it away into the river.

The golden snail was drifting away in the river and got caught into a net. An old woman was fishing and used her net to catch some fish. She was surprised to see a golden snail in her net. She took it and brought it home. When the old woman woke up in the morning, she was surprised that the house was in the good condition. 

The floor was mopped. And she also had food on the table. She was thinking very hard.

"Who did this to me? The person is very kind." It happened again and again every morning.

The old woman was very curious. One night she decided to stay up late. She was peeping from her room to know who cooked for her. Then, she could not believe what she saw. The golden snail she caught in the river turned into a beautiful woman. The old woman approached her.

"Who are you, young girl?"

"I am Dewi Limaran, Ma'am. A witch cursed me. I can change back as a human only at night," explained Dewi Limaran.

"The spell can be broken if I hear the melody from the holy gamelan," continued Dewi Limaran.

The old woman then rushed to the palace. She talked to Prince Raden Putra about her wife.

Prince Raden Putra was so happy. He had been looking for his wife everywhere.

He then prayed and meditated. He asked the gods to give him the holy gamelan. He wanted to break the witch's spell. After several days praying and meditating, finally gods granted his wish. He immediately brought the holy gamelan to the old woman's house. He played it beautifully. And then amazingly the golden snail turned into the beautiful Dewi Limaran.

The couple was so happy that they could be together again. They also thanked the old woman for her kindness. As a return, they asked her to stay in the palace

http://www.englishindo.com/2012/02/dongeng-keong-mas-bahasa-inggris.html

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Contoh Tenses "Active & Passive Voice"

Contoh tenses bahasa Inggris berkenaan dengan active voice dan passive voice ini telah dijelaskan dalam debat tenses bahasa Inggris. Untuk mengingat kembaili mari kita lihat contoh tenses bahasa Inggris active & passive berikut ini :

Tenses	Contoh Aktif	Contoh Pasif
Simple Present	She drives the car	The car is driven by her
Simple Past	She drove the car	The car was driven by her
Simple Future	She will drive the car	The car will be driven by her
Present Continuous	She is driving the car	The car is being driven by her
Past Continuous	She was driving the car	The car was being driven by her
Future Continuous	She will be driving the car	The car will be being driven by her
Present Perfect	She has driven the car	The car has been driven by her
Past Perfect	She had driven the car	The car had been driven by her
Future Perfect	She will have driven the car	The car will have been driven by her
Present Perfect Continuous	She has been driving the car	The car has been being driven by her
Past Perfect Continuous	She had been driving the car	The car had been being driven by her
Future Perfect Continuous	She will have been driving the car	The car would have been being driven by her
Past Future	She would drive the car	The car would be driven by her
Past Future Continuous	She would be driving the car	The car would be being driven by her car
Past Future Perfect	She would have driven the car	The car would have been driven by her car
Past Future Perfect Continuous	She would have been driving the car	The car would have been being driven by her

Keterangan : 

Untuk Huruf yang berwarna HIJAU, dalam teori tenses Bahasa Inggris memang tidak digunakan. Jika pada kalimat aktif saja tidak digunakan maka secara otomatis pada kalimat pasif pun demikian.

Sedang untuk Huruf yang berwarna MERAH, kalimat pasif pada tenses future continuous, present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, dan future perfect continuous dalam teori tenses bahasa Inggris jarang sekali digunakan.

 

http://www.englishindo.com/2011/11/contoh-tenses-active-passive-voice.html

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6 Kesalahan Grammar dalam Menulis Kalimat

Postingan ini diadaptasi dari tulisan West (2008: 29-36) tentang kesalahan-kesalahan gramatikal dalam menulis sebuah kalimat. Saya akan menjelaskannya secara singkat, jelas, transparan dan tanpa basa-basi. Menurut West, setidaknya ada 7 kesalahan umum yang dilakukan seseorang dalam menulis sebuah kalimat, namun disini saya hanya akan memberikan 6 kesalahan Grammar Bahasa Inggris dalam menulis kalimat :

Pertama, Verbs not agreeing with subjects 

Aturannya sederhana: Kata Kerja serasi dengan Subyek (The verb agrees with the subject)

Ø  Singular subject, singular verb

Subyek tunggal harus ditemani kata kerja ‘tunggal’, contoh: The cat sits on the mat

Ø  Plural subject, plural verb

Subyek jamak harus ditemani kata kerja ‘jamak’, contoh: The cats sit on the mat

Ø  Two singular subject, plural verb

Dua subyek tunggal harus ditemani kata kerja ‘jamak’, contoh: The cat and the dog sit on the mat

Keterangan:

Aturan-aturan di atas masih sebatas aturan umum, ada beberapa pengecualian dalam aturan tersebut, misalnya kata kerja tak beraturan (irregular verb) yang berupa ‘to be’ (You are my love dan You are my students). Contoh pertama (you are my love) menunjukkan subyek tunggal (kamu) sedang contoh kedua (you are my students) menunjukkan subyek jamak (kalian); meskipun begitu, kata kerja yang berupa ‘to be’ tetap menggunakan ‘are’. Oleh karena itulah pemahaman tentang kata kerja (verb) sangat mempengaruhi dalam menulis sebuah kalimat. 

 Selain ‘to be’, subyek yang berupa ‘collective noun’ juga sangat mempengaruhi kata kerja, bandingkan contoh berikut:

·         The team is working on it

·         The team are working on it

Kedua contoh diatas sama-sama benar. Contoh pertama mengacu pada suatu tim dalam satu kesatuan sehingga kata kerjanya berupa ‘is’, sedang contoh kedua mengacu pada orang-orang yang ada dalam tim (the people of the team) sehingga kata kerjanya berupa are.

Kategori kesalahan grammatikal diatas bisa terasa mudah jika kita sangat paham tentang ‘Subject-Verb Agreement’.

Kedua, Split infinitives

Infinitives (lebih dikenal dengan to infinitive) sewajarnya berbentuk to + verb murni. Split infinitives ini berarti terpisahnya to dengan verb murninya. Memang jika terpisahnya ‘kedua pasangan’ ini tidak terlalu jauh, maka boleh-boleh saja. Namun jika jaraknya terlalu panjang maka akan terlihat kaku, contoh:

·         He began to slowly but surely turn the company round

Contoh diatas terlihat tidak wajar karena memisahkan to dengan verb murninya terlalu jauh. Kalimat diatas seharusnya:

·         He began to turn the company round, slowly but surely. Atau

·         Slowly but surely, he began to turn the company round.

Ketiga, Dangling Participles

Participle disini adalah participle hasil dari omitting ataupun reducing clause, bukan participle yang difungsikan sebagai adjective. Berbeda dengan dua contoh diatas, dimana hanya kemampuan memahami grammar yang dibutuhkan, Dangling Participles, dikenal juga dengan istilah misrelated participle (participle yang tak serasi dengan subyek), membutuhkan kemampuan dalam segi makna untuk memahaminya, contoh:

·         Cycling along a path used by Dr Livingstone, a leopard leapt out and attacked me.

Contoh diatas sebenarnya adalah sebuah adverbial clause yang sub-clausenya menghilangkan (omitting) subyek dan conjunction after. Karena dalam syarat omitting, subyek yang dihilangkan harus sama dengan yang ada di main clause, maka participle ‘cycling’ diatas tidaklah benar. Seharusnya ‘cycling’ pada ‘omitting’ pada contoh tadi mengacu pada subyek manusia karena kegiatan bersepeda umumnya dilakukan oleh manusia; akan tetapi subyek pada main clause berupa bintang ‘leopard’ sehingga makna kedua clausenya menjadi rancu. Contoh kalimat diatas jika dijabarkan maka akan menjadi seperti ini:

·         After I cycled along a path used by Dr Livingstone, a leopard leapt out and attacked me.

Untuk membenarkan kalimat diatas, maka seharusnya subyek pada main clause harus diubah menjadi I, sehingga menjadi:

·         After I cycled along a path used by Dr Livingstone, I was attacked by a leopard.

Jika sub. Conjunction dan subjectnya dihilangkan (omitted), maka kalimatnya menjadi:

·         Cycling along a path used by Dr Livingstone, I was attacked by a leopard.

Keempat, Unbalanced Sentences

Jika menggunakan correlative conjunction, seperti either….or… atau not only….but also… kita harus memahami bahwa kalimat tersebut memiliki kesejajaran dalam bentuk dan fungsi.

Contoh:

Shelly is not only beautiful but also smart

Kata-kata setelah not only dan but also diatas (beautiful dan smart) jelas memiliki bentuk dan fungsi yang sama yaitu sama-sama adjective dan sama-sama berfungsi sebagai subjective complement. Namun hal yang paling penting adalah bentuk harus sama, jika tidak maka kalimat tersebut menjadi tidak seimbang:

Contoh:

Shelly is not only a student but also smart

Kalimat tersebut salah karena tidak seimbangnya antara a student dan smartnya (student sebagai noun dan sedangkan smart adjective). Menurut nalar semantics (pengetahuan akan makna) juga pasti terlihat rancu.

Kelima, ‘I’ or ‘me’?

Dalam percakapan sehari-hari, kalimat It’s me,  terdengar wajar-wajar saja, namun dalam menulis Bahasa Inggris yang baik, tentu kalimat tersebut jelas salah. Mengapa? Karena me hanya digunakan sebagai object pronoun yang hanya bisa diletakkan setelah transitive verb. Sedangkan is (to be) dikategorikan sebagai intransitive verb (kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan object). Oleh karena itu sangat tidak wajar jika kita menulis kalimat dibawah ini

It was me who suggest the rise in fees

Kalimat diatas seharusnya:

It was I who suggest the rise in fees

Keenam, ‘Who’ or ‘whom’?

Pernah belajar adjective clause? Jika pernah pasti sobat mengenal who dan whom ini. Kesalahan ini sebenarnya tidak menjadi masalah untuk sekarang-sekarang ini, mengingat kata who dan whom terkadang sudah tidak mempunyai  perbedaan satupun. Meskipun dalam grammar kedua kata tersebut memiliki perbedaan yang sangat signifikan. Contoh:

The man whom I mentioned yesterday is Andi

The man who came yesterday is Andi

Lihat perbedaan kedua kalimat diatas: SETELAH WHO PASTI VERB, SEDANGKAN SETELAH WHOM PASTI SUBJECT = NOUN / PRONOUN.

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